Thyroid Disease Support Information

Disclaimer: I am not a physician and do not diagnose disease. The statements made here are for educational purposes only. Please see your health care professional before making changes in your diet or medications. Any of the information you may choose to use is your responsibility. Thyroid disease can be life-threatening and is not to be taken lightly. Treatment of some kind is critical and necessary.

NEWS: As of November 2011 a new book by Paul Robinson is changing thyroid health outcomes for those who need to take thyroid hormones. If you regularly take T4 (Synthroid, Levothroid), Armour (dessicated thyroid), or T3 (Cytomel) and are unhappy with your body PLEASE BUY THIS BOOK. It can change your life.  Paul Robinson teaches you how to use thyroid replacement honoring circadian cycles; VERY IMPORTANT because thyroid hormones are released at specific times of the day and night and 'just taking all your thyroid in the AM' does not come close to what your body would do if it could.  

There is an accurate TSH home test available from homehealthtesting.com for $30.50 (and they also do Vitamin D, a nice add on to order) While TSH may not be helpful to titrate ongoing treatment it is an excellent screening tool to monitor your need for treatment. TSH should be below 2.0, typically 1.3 or so in healthy persons. If yours is higher, consult your physician. If you need to monitor your treatment (how much thyroid do you need?) thyroid panels are available from Private MD (link is to a standard panel but for monitoring treatment consider the "TSH, free T3 and free T4" combo which you will find by clicking on the test categories / thyroid) Private MD Labs offers a 15% discount (discount link on their home page) so a TSH, free T3 and free T4 panel ($78) will be only $67. The http://drlowe.com site also has a link for reasonably priced thyroid testing. Life Extension also offers a panel of free T3, free T4 and TSH here for about $100, less if you are a member..

As February of 2009 a reformulation of Armour thyroid in the US seemed to have dramatically reduced its effectiveness. The manufacturer increased the amount of cellulose which in fact can bind nutrients/elements. It is possible to find natural thyroid, Westhroid and Naturethroid, in the US but they seem to be in short supply and are more expensive. This is devastating to many people who have worked so hard to 'get well'. It is possible to find dessicated thyroid outside the US. Some find chewing the tablets helps.

 Please note: Low levels of dietary protein, omega-3, vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin C, potassium, zinc, copper, lithium, selenium, and magnesium affect your thyroid gland function. It is possible to test positive for hypo, hyper or auto-immune thyroid disease and yet correct the abnormal tests with excellent nutrition. Unless your thyroid disease symptoms are severe or life threatening you may want to try improving your nutrition before you commit to life long use of thyroid hormone. If you already take thyroid medication a good nutritional program will help you be as healthy as possible and allow your medication to work better. Do not stop medication without notifying your physician. Autoimmune thyroid disease almost always requires medication ongoing.

You have been diagnosed as having some form of thyroid disease. You may be hypothyroid, hyperthyroid, have Graves Disease or Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. This information has not been prepared to take the place of being monitored by your physician. It is to help you help your physician determine your correct dose of thyroid medication and help you both maintain the correct dose.

A CAUTIONARY NOTE: It is important to make sure your symptoms and blood work are not a result of adrenal insufficiency. Depressed thyroid and depressed adrenal symptoms are very similar.

The new book by Paul Robinson explains how to use thyroid hormones to 'fix' your adrenal response and almost always this will work with no other medication. The ONE exception may be if you are insufficiently supplied with vitamin C. Please read my July 2011 newsletter and make sure you get enough vitamin C EVERY day, twice a day, always. Liposomal C has the ability to restore tissue levels of C (brain, pituitary, thyroid, adrenals and more) more rapidly and efficiently than regular vitamin C and without gastric distress.

'Using Liposomal Vitamin C to Restore Adrenal Health'- The basic strategy is 2,000-3,000 mg of liposomal C three times a day for 2-3 months and 1,000 mg liposomal vitamin C twice a day ongoing (very important, including the twice a day recommendation). The best buy liposomal C may be found at Let's Have Health. Simple strategy, great scientific rationale and great results in current clients trying the protocol.

 Cortisol, a primary adrenal hormone that is elevated under stress and depressed when the adrenal gland is exhausted, alters TSH and thereby T4 and T3. Alterations in adrenal function alter thyroid function but treating the thyroid will not make the underlying adrenal condition, if it exists, better. A simple, and relatively inexpensive, 24 hour salivary cortisol and DHEA test can rule out (or in) adrenal involvement. You will need my PIN to order, 230288. Consider the cortisol test if you are currently being treated for thyroid and the results are not what you expected. If you have thyroid disease and are treated with a good combination of T3 and/or T4 your symptoms should resolve rapidly, especially if you use the circadian method explained in Paul Robinson's book. You may not have to use JUST T3 to get results but just T4 won't work. Your symptoms will remain, alter, or become worse if adrenal dysfunction is present.

A second cautionary note is that there is now recognized in the literature a 'thyroid resistance syndrome' similar in character to 'insulin resistance'. This manifests as symptoms of low thyroid function but normal thyroid blood work. There also may be an insufficiency of certain enzymes needed to convert T4 to T3. If of these are an issue visit http://drlowe.com AND get Paul Robinson's book and read this. You will need both to feel really, really well.

An imbalance of omega-3/omega-6 fatty acids may contribute to this condition as well as low tissue levels of vitamin C (see Liposomal C suggestions). Lowering omega-6 fats and dramatically increasing omega-3 (fish oil NOT flax, see Update on Essential Fats) has improved or normalized thyroid function in some persons.

A small dose (not less than 200 mcg nor greater than 400 mcg) of yeast based selenium (methylselenocysteine) may also improve this condition.

Recent research has determined selenium is critically important to thyroid function and selenium is being used to treat both Graves Disease and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis. Excess iodine is frequently implicated in autoimmune thyroid disease, especially Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

You need a balanced diet with balanced minerals and trace elements to support your thyroid. No one mineral or trace mineral or ‘pill’ will do. Low protein and/or inappropriate fatty acids also decrease your body’s ability to produce hormones or increase cellular resistance to hormones. Making sure your diet contains adequate protein and potassium (see other pages) and that your supplements contain enough but not too much of essential elements may restore thyroid function, will support thyroid disease treatment and likely protect the healthy thyroid from disease.

In addition lithium orotate, as mentioned in the supplement list to follow, has been very successful in reversing this syndrome in some persons. The dose used is very low (120 mg of lithium orotate containing 4.8 mg of lithium), not anywhere near the dose used by physicians to treat bi-polar disorders (800-2400 mg of lithium carbonate daily). In 'resistance syndrome' lithium is being used as a trace element, currently recognized as conditionally essential, to restore membrane sensitivity. This information is from the work of Hans Neiper,  M.D. More information is available from the Brewer Science Library.

If you decide to try lithium use only the orotate and use only a small dose such as the one suggested below or less. More is not better. There is some evidence that low dose lithium may also restore membrane sensitivity to glucose and insulin in hypoglycemics and diabetics. Lithium Orotate is available from Complementary Prescriptions online or 888-401-1105. Use my PIN number, 230288,  to register at checkout.

YOUR TREATMENT PROTOCOL: Initially your doctor will ask you to increase your thyroid medication dose gradually. Your medication will usually be raised every 3-4 weeks. Do not raise your dose faster without your doctor's permission. When your thyroid's function has been impaired for an extended period of time there can be deterioration in many of the organ systems in your body, one of the most important being the heart. There may also be changes in the central nervous system. Because of these changes, increasing your dose too quickly could have serious consequences. Even though your maintenance dose may be much higher than that with which you start, INCREASE SLOWLY with your doctor's permission and monitoring. (I would modify this in some cases to suggest increasing your dose more rapidly may actually save you. If you know your body well and are able to tolerate some symptoms and will check your pulse, blood pressure, and temperature several times a day getting your thyroid back to 'normal' may improve heart function).

The maintenance dose, arrived at slowly, is 100-300 mcg. of Synthroid or Levothroid (T4) or 60-180 mg of Armour or Westhroid (whole thyroid) or if using just T3 50-90 mcg split over the day. There is a great difference in these doses and blood work combined with your response (how you feel)is the best indicator that you have reached your ideal dose. 1 grain means about 100 mcg of Synthroid or 60 mg of Armour or 25 mcg T3. 1.5 grain (150 mcg Synthroid or 90 mg Armour) is a typical maintenance dose. Dose is usually increased in increments of 25-50 mcg (15-30 mg whole thyroid) until your TSH falls within normal range, currently thought to be 2.0 or less..

On the correct dose of thyroid you will have stable blood sugar levels; normal appetite; energy; normal sleep patterns; no frequent urination; a basal temperature of 97.8-98.2; no hair loss; good hair texture-not coarse or fine; good circulation-warm hands and feet and the ability to warm up quickly when you get cold; good skin texture-not dry and thick or thin and oily; good skin color-normal, slightly pink without abnormal flushing-the palms of the hands and soles of the feet should not appear yellow or orange; normal size tongue-pink with no indentations around the edges; no athletes foot; good resistance to infection; normal mucous membranes-not excessive or thickened mucous; improvement or elimination of environmental and food allergies; normal perspiration patterns-not sweating without cause but having the ability to perspire when exercising or when the temperature rises; no night sweats; stable mood-not depressive, having curiosity and a desire to do and to have; enjoying exercise and feeling a benefit after working out; good short and long term memory; the ability and desire to experience sexual satisfaction; a good sense of taste and smell; good reflexes-neither too fast nor to slow; no constipation or diarrhea; a normal menstrual cycle of 3-5 days without heavy bleeding and without PMS.

Your dose of thyroid is too high (or you may have raised your dose too quickly) if: you experience undo sweating; heart palpitations; hunger-eating all the time without weight gain; a resting pulse above 90; quick movements; thin/fragile skin; a change in hair texture to very fine; a basal temperature above 98.2; eye or vision changes; headaches with no apparent reason; nervousness; tremor; unusual increase in amount and number of bowel movements per day; diarrhea. Ask your druggist for the written material available concerning your medication. Read all overdose symptoms and contraindications. The normal thyroid/healthy body converts more thyroxine,T4, into T3 (the active thyroid hormone) during stress, in colder weather and when you are ill or injured. You may be able to adjust your dose, with your doctor's consent, to fit the situation. To be able to do this successfully you need a prescription for an incremental dose in addition to your regular prescription.

Thyroid hormone consists of several fractions. The most important fractions are T3 and T4. Armour (or Thyroid-S) contains T1, T2, T3, T4 and more, Synthroid contains only T4 and Cytomel contains only T3. Some individuals appear to have a problem converting the inactive T4 found in Synthroid (or even Armour T4) into the active T3 . Zinc, selenium, and magnesium are required for this conversion, as well as other nutrients. Your physician can check to see if you have a problem by monitoring your free T3 levels. Also see the Private MD Labs testing at the top.

For details regarding the latest in thyroid recovery do visit http://drlowe.com and http://recoveringwitht3.com/ and http://nahypothyroidism.org/

Please remember your needs change with age, weather, illness and injury. What worked in the past may need adjustment today. Watch your symptoms. They are your body's way of talking to you.

A simple trick to improve thyroid function when you are on thyroid hormones (l-thyroxine, Synthroid, Armour, Nature-Throid, etc.) take your thyroid before bed.

...Every thyroid patient has heard the advice that for best results, we should take our medication first thing in the morning, on an empty stomach, and wait at least 30 minutes to an hour before eating. (And also, that we should wait at least three to four hours before taking calcium or iron, which can interfere with thyroid hormone absorption.)

...In 2007, Clinical Endocrinology reported on a small pilot study, which looked at the impact on thyroid hormone profiles by changing the time levothyroxine was taken from early morning to bedtime. They also evaluated the impact of this change on the circadian rhythm of TSH and thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone metabolism. The study, while small (12 subjects), was fairly conclusive in its findings, which the researchers said were “striking” and which have “important consequences for the millions of patients who take l-thyroxine daily.”

The researchers found that the patients taking nighttime levothyroxine had a drop in TSH of 1.25 -- which is a significant change. They free thyroxine (Free T4) level went up by 0.07 ng/dL, and total triiodothyronine (Total T3) went up by 6.5 ng/dL. According to the researchers, there were no significant changes in the other factors.

Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2007 Jan;66(1):43-8. Effects of evening vs morning thyroxine ingestion on serum thyroid hormone profiles in hypothyroid patients.

Bolk N, Visser TJ, Kalsbeek A, van Domburg RT, Berghout A.

Source Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Standard drug information resources recommend that l-thyroxine be taken half an hour before breakfast on an empty stomach, to prevent interference of its intestinal uptake by food or medication. We observed cases in which TSH levels improved markedly after changing the administration time of l-thyroxine to the late evening. We therefore conducted a pilot-study to investigate whether l-thyroxine administration at bedtimeimproves TSH and thyroid hormones, and whether the circadian rhythm of TSH remains intact. DESIGN Patients were studied on two occasions: on a stable regimen of morning thyroxine administration and two months after switching to night-time thyroxine using the same dose. On each occasion patients were admitted for 24 h and serial blood samples were obtained.

PATIENTS: We investigated 12 women treated with l-thyroxine because of primary hypothyroidism, who used no medication known to interfere with l-thyroxine uptake.

 MEASUREMENTS:Patients were admitted to hospital and blood samples were obtained at hourly intervals for 24 h via an indwelling catheter. Following this first hospital admission, all women were asked to switch the administration time from morning to bedtime or vice versa. After 2 months they were readmitted for a 24-h period of hourly blood sampling. Blood samples were analysed for serum TSH (immunometric assay), FT4 and T3 (competitive immunoassay), T4 and rT3 (radioimmunoassay), serum TBG (immunometric assay) and total protein and albumin (colourimetric methods).

RESULTS: A significant difference in TSH and thyroid hormones was found after switching to bedtime administration of l-thyroxine. Twenty-four-hour average serum values amounted to (mean +/- SD, morning vs bedtime ingestion): TSH, 5.1 +/- 0.9 vs 1.2 +/- 0.3 mU/l (P < 0.01); FT4, 16.7 +/- 1.0 vs 19.3 +/- 0.7 pmol/l (P < 0.01); T3, 1.5 +/- 0.05 vs 1.6 +/- 0.1 nmol/l (P < 0.01). There was no significant change in T4, rT3, albumin and TBG serum levels, nor in the T3/rT3 ratio. The relative amplitude and time of the nocturnal TSH surge remained intact.

CONCLUSIONS: l-thyroxine taken at bedtime by patients with primary hypothyroidism is associated with higher thyroid hormone concentrations and lower TSH concentrations compared to the same l-thyroxine dose taken in the morning. At the same time, the circadian TSH rhythm stays intact. Our findings are best explained by a better gastrointestinal uptake of l-thyroxine during the night.

Arch Intern Med. 2010 Dec 13;170(22):1996-2003. Effects of evening vs morning levothyroxine intake: a randomized double-blind crossover trial.

Bolk N, Visser TJ, Nijman J, Jongste IJ, Tijssen JG, Berghout A.

Source Department of Internal Medicine, Maasstad Hospital Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. nienkebolk@hotmail.com

Abstract

BACKGROUND:Levothyroxine sodium is widely prescribed to treat primary hypothyroidism. There is consensus that levothyroxine should be taken in the morning on an empty stomach. A pilot study showed that levothyroxine intake at bedtime significantly decreased thyrotropin levels and increased free thyroxine and total triiodothyronine levels. To date, no large randomized trial investigating the best time of levothyroxine intake, including quality-of-life evaluation, has been performed.

METHODS:To ascertain if levothyroxine intake at bedtime instead of in the morning improves thyroid hormone levels, a randomized double-blind crossover trial was performed between April 1, 2007, and November 30, 2008, among 105 consecutive patients with primary hypothyroidism at Maasstad Hospital Rotterdam in the Netherlands. Patients were instructed during 6 months to take 1 capsule in the morning and 1 capsule atbedtime (one containing levothyroxine and the other a placebo), with a switch after 3 months. Primary outcome measures were thyroid hormone levels; secondary outcome measures were creatinine and lipid levels, body mass index, heart rate, and quality of life.

RESULTS:Ninety patients completed the trial and were available for analysis. Compared with morning intake, direct treatment effects whenlevothyroxine was taken at bedtime were a decrease in thyrotropin level of 1.25 mIU/L (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.60-1.89 mIU/L; P < .001), an increase in free thyroxine level of 0.07 ng/dL (0.02-0.13 ng/dL; P = .01), and an increase in total triiodothyronine level of 6.5 ng/dL (0.9-12.1 ng/dL; P = .02) (to convert thyrotropin level to micrograms per liter, multiply by 1.0; free thyroxine level to picomoles per liter, multiply by 12.871; and total triiodothyronine level to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 0.0154). Secondary outcomes, including quality-of-life questionnaires (36-Item Short Form Health Survey, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, 20-Item Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory, and a symptoms questionnaire), showed no significant changes between morning vs bedtime intake of levothyroxine.

CONCLUSIONS:Levothyroxine taken at bedtime significantly improved thyroid hormone levels. Quality-of-life variables and plasma lipid levels showed no significant changes with bedtime vs morning intake. Clinicians should consider prescribing levothyroxine intake at bedtime.

Supplements that may help: (Suggestions, not prescriptive.) 

• Vitamin A (retinol as found in Cod Liver Oil or concentrate, check capsule) 5,000-10,000 IU. daily or liver twice a week. Persons with hypothyroidism do not convert beta-carotene easily. Excess vitamin A may suppress thyroid function. Doses of vitamin A up to 25,000 IU daily have been determined safe even for pregnant women but there is no indication for most that vitamin A is needed in amounts greater than 10,000 IU daily and more is not better.
• Vitamin D as found in Cod Liver Oil or concentrated D supplement such as Solgar Vitamin D 1,000 IU. 1,000-2,000 IU as determined by testing (see http://sunlightd.org or http://bloodtestathome.com)
• B-Complex- from nutritional yeast such as Lewis Labs Brewers Yeast or in a supplement such as Nature's Way B-Stress
• C-Complex- C 500-2,000 mg.; bioflavonoids 500-2,000 mg.; rutin 25-500 mg. or BETTER see below liposomal C
• Liposomal Vitamin C 1,000-2,000 mg TWICE daily, important to split the dose, to restore the thyroid and adrenals and increase carnitine to help with weight loss.
• E- d'alpha tocopherol with mixed tocopherols 200-400 IU. Amounts greater than 400 IU daily may contribute to fatigue.
• Calcium- 800-1200 mg. Make sure you split this dose into two or more times per day.
• Magnesium- 400-800 mg. watch for 'bowel' reactions and lower your dose if they occur.
• Zinc- 20-50 mg. Doses higher than 90 mg. per day have been implicated in immune system suppression. Do not exceed the maximum. Use the Ethical Nutrients Zinc Status to monitor your zinc need but do not use this for a supplement..
• Copper- 1-3 mg. All minerals can be toxic in dose that are too high. Copper and zinc balance one another.
• Lithium Orotate- 120 mg. containing 4.8 mg of lithium. Trace amounts of lithium may restore cellular response to thyroxine. If you order use my Complimentary Prescriptions referral PIN 230288.
• Iron Complex- in your multiple or as an add-on with B-12 (about 1 mg which is 1,000 mcg), folic acid (about 4 mg which is 4,000 mcg the new recommendation and not in any multi-vitamins currently available) and C in a multiple iron complex, multi-vitamin and mineral or from a liver supplement. Solgar Hematinic Formula is an excellent choice allowing a dose of 1-3 pills a day as needed, or Solgar Gentle Iron or Now Foods Iron Complex or Complimentary Prescriptions Iron Complex. Men may not need this. Test your ferritin and supplement if below 70. Avoid all supplemental iron if your ferritin exceeds 150. Ferritin testing is available from lef.org or privatemdlabs and results will be sent directly to you.
• Taurine- 1,000 mg. twice a day, an amino acid for heart and nerves. Taurine is high in wild game, lean red meat, beef heart, oysters, mussels, shrimp and scallops.
• Carnitine- 1,000-2,000 mg. once or twice a day. An amino acid that protects the heart. Both taurine and carnitine are found in beef heart and lean red meat. As of 3/2011 it is preferred to use liposomal C which will naturally increase your body's production of carnitine.
• Trace minerals- including chromium, selenium, molybdenum, vanadium and boron. Trace amounts varying from 50 mcg - 400 mcg depending on which supplement and which mineral. Trace minerals should be just that, trace amounts. Do not over use. High quality multi-minerals often contain enough and not too much of the needed trace minerals. Consider Country Life Target Min Total Mins as one.
• Avoid excess iodine. Stick with the RDA of 150 micrograms (mcg.) or so. If you feel you need extra iodine consider one tablet of dulse, a sea vegetable that is high in all trace elements, not just iodine. Many alternative practitioners believe giving iodine will help thyroid but excessive levels of iodine suppress thyroid function and may be a primary cause of auto-immune thyroiditis (Grave's and Hashimoto's) in iodine sensitive individuals..

If you order from iherb.com (links follow) and are new to them use my code RIS664 for a $10 discount on your first order. Supplement combos I have found easy and helpful include: Now Foods Liquid Multi-Gels, Country Life Daily Multi-Sorb preferred because it contains a bit of vitamin A retinol which is critical for health, Natrol My Favorite Multiple Original tablets or Twinlab Mega 6 Caps, are available from iherb.com, vitacost.com or vitaglo.com There are other multiples available with similar composition. As long as your supplement contains most of the suggested nutrients and you are comfortable with it, find yourself taking the full dose daily, it is fine.

Another excellent source for supplements, competitive prices and excellent customer service is http://www.swansonvitamins.com/

In general, supplements do not contain taurine, carnitine (which you will make in your body if you use the liposomal C), or some of the trace minerals and you may need to purchase them separately. In particular sufficient selenium may be an issue. A good source is Jarrow Selenium Synergy is an excellent source of food based selenium. Lewis Labs Brewers Yeast also contains selenium and is an excellent source of high quality protein, B vitamins, and potassium as well but if you won't use it every day get the Selenium Synergy.

If you have been having gallbladder discomfort or other digestive problems, often accompanying thyroid or adrenal dysfunction, liposomal vitamin C should correct this within 3 months.

When T4 or T3 are low the body is less able to convert vitamin D into the active hormone and also cannot convert beta-carotene into retinol, the active form of vitamin A. Frequently there is low production of hydrochloric acid which leads to malabsorption of B-12 and iron. Following diagnosis and treatment with thyroid hormones you can help restore body levels of nutrients by increasing the amounts of these nutrients in food or with supplements for about 2-3 months.

If the thyroid is overactive or if you have been taking too high a dose of thyroid hormone there may be a significant loss of muscle mass and bone mass. All nutrients, protein and minerals and trace minerals should be at the highest levels for 3-6 months after beginning treatment. 

If after trying everything you still find yourself suffering from fatigue and depression visit http://www.stopthethyroidmadness.com 

Spend some time and read the stories. You will be inspired and may find a way to get back your 'self'. I did. Blessings, Krispin

BOOKS- (the Robinson book at top and the John Lowe book are first)

• Your Guide to Metabolic Health John Lowe MD (no longer in print, look for a used copy if you can find it.)
• Hypothyroidism Type II Mark Starr MD
• Your Thyroid A Home Reference Wood, Cooper and Ridgeway
• Your Thyroid and How to Keep It Healthy Durrant
• The Thyroid Solution:  A Mind-Body Program for Beating Depression and Regaining Your Emotional and Physical Health by Ridha Arem
• Living Well With Hypothyroidism: What Your Doctor Doesn't Tell You . . . That You Need to Know, Mary Shomon
• Why Do I Still Have Thyroid Symptoms? When My Lab Tests Are Normal: A Revolutionary Breakthrough In Understanding Hashimoto's Disease and Hypothyroidism by Datis Kharrazian
• Stop the Thyroid Madness Bowthorpe
• Hope for Hashimoto's Haskell (watch the videos)

Mary Shomon's thyroid column on http://thyroid.about.com/ is a great place to find information as is Stop The Thyroid Madness.

Thyroid disease is a life long problem. Once it has been determined that you have or a family member has a thyroid disorder, monitored treatment is imperative. During your lifetime your thyroid may become hypo (low), hyper (high) or even normal. You need to be informed so that you have the ability to take care of your own body. Your physician is your partner in staying healthy. Use him or her to your best advantage. The only safe use of medicine, including all hormones, is informed use.

     Reference List  

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       (2)    Farkhutdinova LM, Speranskii VV, Gil'manov AZ. [Hair trace elements in patients with goiter]. Klin Lab Diagn 2006 Aug;(8):19-21.

       (3)    Yang XF, Hou XH, Xu J et al. Effect of selenium supplementation on activity and mRNA expression of type 1 deiodinase in mice with excessive iodine intake. Biomed Environ Sci 2006 Aug;19(4):302-8.

       (4)    Brzozowska M, Kretowski A, Podkowicz K, Szmitkowski M, Borawska M, Kinalska I. [Evaluation of influence of selenium, copper, zinc and iron concentrations on thyroid gland size in school children with normal ioduria]. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2006 Jun;20(120):672-7.

       (5)    Turker O, Kumanlioglu K, Karapolat I, Dogan I. Selenium treatment in autoimmune thyroiditis: 9-month follow-up with variable doses. J Endocrinol 2006 Jul;190(1):151-6.

       (6)    Brown LM, Helmke SM, Hunsucker SW et al. Quantitative and qualitative differences in protein expression between papillary thyroid carcinoma and normal thyroid tissue. Mol Carcinog 2006 Aug;45(8):613-26.

       (7)    Duntas LH. The role of selenium in thyroid autoimmunity and cancer. Thyroid 2006 May;16(5):455-60.

       (8)    Hoption Cann SA. Hypothesis: dietary iodine intake in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Nutr 2006 Feb;25(1):1-11.

       (9)    Eftekhari MH, Keshavarz SA, Jalali M, Elguero E, Eshraghian MR, Simondon KB. The relationship between iron status and thyroid hormone concentration in iron-deficient adolescent Iranian girls. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2006;15(1):50-5.

     (10)    Chadio SE, Kotsampasi BM, Menegatos JG, Zervas GP, Kalogiannis DG. Effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid hormone levels and selenoenzyme activities in growing lambs. Biol Trace Elem Res 2006 Feb;109(2):145-54.

     (11)    Kohrle J, Jakob F, Contempre B, Dumont JE. Selenium, the thyroid, and the endocrine system. Endocr Rev 2005 Dec;26(7):944-84.

     (12)    Kohrle J. Selenium and the control of thyroid hormone metabolism. Thyroid 2005 Aug;15(8):841-53.

     (13)    Baraboi VA, Shestakova EN. [Selenium: the biological role and antioxidant activity]. Ukr Biokhim Zh 2004 Jan;76(1):23-32.

     (14)    Beckett GJ, Arthur JR. Selenium and endocrine systems. J Endocrinol 2005 Mar;184(3):455-65.

     (15)    Hawkes WC, Alkan Z, Lang K, King JC. Plasma selenium decrease during pregnancy is associated with glucose intolerance. Biol Trace Elem Res 2004 Jul;100(1):19-29.

     (16)    Vrca VB, Skreb F, Cepelak I, Romic Z, Mayer L. Supplementation with antioxidants in the treatment of Graves' disease; the effect on glutathione peroxidase activity and concentration of selenium. Clin Chim Acta 2004 Mar;341(1-2):55-63.

     (17)    Gartner R, Gasnier BC. Selenium in the treatment of autoimmune thyroiditis. Biofactors 2003;19(3-4):165-70.

     (18)    Chanoine JP. Selenium and thyroid function in infants, children and adolescents. Biofactors 2003;19(3-4):137-43.

     (19)    Hawkes WC, Keim NL. Dietary selenium intake modulates thyroid hormone and energy metabolism in men. J Nutr 2003 Nov;133(11):3443-8.

     (20)    Kucharzewski M, Braziewicz J, Majewska U, Gozdz S. Copper, zinc, and selenium in whole blood and thyroid tissue of people with various thyroid diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2003;93(1-3):9-18.

     (21)    Burk RF, Hill KE, Motley AK. Selenoprotein metabolism and function: evidence for more than one function for selenoprotein P. J Nutr 2003 May;133(5 Suppl 1):1517S-20S.

     (22)    Duntas LH, Mantzou E, Koutras DA. Effects of a six month treatment with selenomethionine in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Eur J Endocrinol 2003 Apr;148(4):389-93.

     (23)    Rayman MP, Rayman MP. The argument for increasing selenium intake. Proc Nutr Soc 2002 May;61(2):203-15.

     (24)    Gartner R, Gasnier BC, Dietrich JW, Krebs B, Angstwurm MW. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002 Apr;87(4):1687-91.

     (25)    Brown KM, Arthur JR. Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: a review. Public Health Nutr 2001 Apr;4(2B):593-9.

This information is copyrighted by Krispin Sullivan, CN. You may use it for your own benefit. You may link to this page. Do not copy and distribute without the copyright. Last modified on: 05-08-13

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